S1E9: Democracy in America: Jacksonian Politics & Populism | Star-Spangled Studies
In Episode 9 of Star-Spangled Studies, Dr. G dives into Jacksonian America—how Andrew Jackson and the Age of the Common Man remade U.S. politics and society. Key topics include:
- “Corrupt Bargain” of 1824 & the rematch of 1828
- Jackson’s “King Mob” inauguration and the rise of mass democracy
- Peggy Eaton scandal & Jackson’s Kitchen Cabinet
- Tariff of Abominations, Calhoun’s Nullification & Webster’s “Liberty & Union” speech
- The Bank War: Jackson’s veto of the Second Bank of the U.S.
- Indian Removal Act, Cherokee resistance & the Trail of Tears
- Birth of the Whig Party & the election of 1840
- Jackson’s legacy: democracy’s gains and its brutal limits
Links & Resources:
– Textbook: The American Yawp – Chapter 9: Jacksonian America
– Instagram: @star_spangled_studies
– Facebook: Star-Spangled Studies
In Episode 9 of Star-Spangled Studies, Dr. G tells the story of Andrew Jackson’s rise and the Age of the Common Man—examining the “Corrupt Bargain,” the explosive rematch of 1828, Jackson’s dramatic use of the veto against the Second Bank, Calhoun’s nullification crisis, and the tragic Trail of Tears under the Indian Removal Act. We trace how mass democracy, populism, and sectional tensions remade the American republic and set the stage for the conflicts to come.
Transcript
Hello y'all.
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:It's me.
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:It's me.
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:It's Dr.
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:G.
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:And welcome back to Star Spangled Studies.
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:The last time we plunged into the market
revolution, the growth of canals and
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:factories and cotton gins that utterly
transformed the American economy.
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:And the way that people lived and worked.
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:It was an era of incredible growth
and boundless on ambition, but it
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:also carved deep new divisions in the
nation between north and south, between
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:rich and poor, free and enslaved.
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:This new dynamic, often chaotic
America needed a new kind of politics.
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:The old world of the founding
fathers were gentlemen governed
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:with a certain aristocratic
distance was dying, if not dead.
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:A new, more boisterous, more
aggressive, a more democratic.
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:Was rising from the farms and
the workshops of the nation.
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:One man more than any other
came to embody this new age.
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:A man born in a log cabin
on the Carolina Frontier.
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:Was orphaned by the revolution.
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:They celebrated Indian fighter and a hero
of the battle of New Orleans, a man whose
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:life was defined by a fierce, unyielding,
and often violent code of honor.
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:On May 30th, 1806, this man,
Andrew Jackson stood on a
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:dueling ground in Kentucky.
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:He took a bullet in the chest
that lodged just shy of his heart,
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:but he remains standing bleeding.
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:He slowly steadied his pistol, took
aim, and mortally wounded his opponent.
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:That same tenacity, toughness,
and Vengefulness would carry
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:him one day to the White House.
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:To his supporters, he was old
Hickory, the champion of the common
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:man against the corrupt elite.
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:To his enemies, he was King Andrew.
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:A dangerous demagogue,
trampling on the Constitution.
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:Today we were gonna dive into the
age of Jackson and we'll explore.
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:The raucous rise of mass democracy, the
brutal policy of what has been called
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:Indian removal and the epic War of
Jackson versus the Bank of the United
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:States and the constitutional crisis
that nearly tore the nation apart.
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:So was Andrew Jackson,
the people's president.
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:Or a petty tyrant.
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:Let's find out.
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:Let's go.
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:Today we take democracy for granted,
but for many of the founding
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:fathers, it was a dirty word.
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:They had created a republic,
not a democracy, and they were
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:deeply suspicious of what.
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:And Alexander Hamilton called The
Vices of Democracy, the Philadelphia
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:physician, Benjamin Rush, warned
that the revolution had unleashed a
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:wave of popular rebelliousness that
could lead to a new kind of despotism
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:quote in our opposition to monarchy.
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:He wrote, we forgot that the
Temple of Tyranny has two doors.
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:End quote.
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:By the 1820s, something
in the nation had changed.
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:The old property qualifications for voting
were disappearing, at least for white men.
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:Politics was no longer just for the elite.
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:It was becoming a mass
spectacle of rallies and
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:parades and partisan newspapers.
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:This was the dawn of the era of the Common
Man, as historians call it a time when.
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:As one historian puts it,
political leaders could no longer
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:afford to overlook, quote, the
cultivation of popular favor.
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:This new democratic spirit found
its first major flashpoint in the
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:Missouri crisis of 18, 19, and 1820.
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:When Missouri applied for statehood,
it threatened to upset the delicate
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:balance of power between free
and slave states, which had equal
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:representation in the Senate.
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:The debate over Missouri was fierce.
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:Congressman James Talmage of New York
proposed an amendment to ban the further
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:introduction of enslaved people into
Missouri and to free the children of those
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:already at age 25, arguing that slavery
mocked the Declaration of Independence,
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:promise of liberty to all men.
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:The crisis eventually was averted, and
this was done by the Missouri Compromise,
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:which admitted Missouri as a slave
state only because at the last minute.
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:Maine became a state as well being carved
out of Massachusetts as a free state.
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:The compromise also drew a line across
the remainder of the Louisiana purchase.
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:At the Latitude 36 30, and it prohibited
slavery north of that Missouri line.
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:It was a temporary fix, but as Thomas
Jefferson wrote at the time, it was quote,
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:A fire, be in the night that awakened
the nation to the terrifying possibility.
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:Of Disunion over slavery.
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:As Jefferson himself said,
we have the wolf by the ears.
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:We can neither hold it nor let it go.
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:The political forces unleashed
by the Missouri compromise
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:and the fierce battles.
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:Over it meant that future elections
would also be very, very contentious.
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:The election of 1824 was one of these.
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:It was chaotic.
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:It was bitter, and it truly
broke the old political order.
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:The Democratic Republican Party had
fractured into four regional candidates,
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:Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, the
military hero, the legend for the
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:Battle of New Orleans, John Quincy Adams
of Massachusetts, the brilliant but
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:aloof, secretary of State, William H.
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:Crawford of Georgia.
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:He was the establishment choice.
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:And Henry Clay of Kentucky, the
charismatic speaker of the house.
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:Jackson won the popular votes and the most
electoral votes, but no candidate won an
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:outright majority as per the Constitution.
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:The election was then thrown into the
House of Representatives where each
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:state delegation would get one vote.
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:Henry Clay, who had come in forth and
was thus really just out of the running.
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:Was now the king Maker Clay
despised Andrew Jackson.
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:He thought he was a dangerous military
man, a chieftain in his own words,
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:who was unfit for the presidency.
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:So he threw his sport
behind John Quincy Adams.
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:Adams then wins the presidency in the
House of Representatives, and then
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:just days later, president-elect Adams.
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:Names none other than Henry Clay to
be his Secretary of State, the most
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:prestigious cabinet post and the
traditional stepping stone to become the
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:President Jackson and his supporters.
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:Were enraged by this nomination.
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:They immediately cried foul.
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:They branded this deal, a corrupt
bargain, and that's how we picture
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:and know the election of 1824.
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:Today as the election of the corrupt
bargain, Jackson's Fury was palpable and
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:he wrote a letter to his friend William
Berkley Lewis, just after the news broke.
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:So you see the Judas of the West has
closed the contract and will receive.
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:The 30 pieces of silver,
his end will be the same.
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:Was there ever witnessed such a bare
faced corruption in any country before?
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:End quote.
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:The charge of corruption would then
haunt the Adams Presidency and Fuel
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:Jackson's campaign over the next four
years, and that's what Jackson did.
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:He campaigned for the presidency
for the next four years.
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:The election of 1828
was a vicious rematch.
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:It was a campaign of mud slinging.
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:There was character assassination
and Jackson supporters
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:painted Adams as the corrupt.
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:Aristocrat and Adam supporters
painted Jackson as a murderous,
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:uneducated back woodsman.
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:But by this time, the
common man had his revenge.
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:Jackson won in 1828 in a landslide in
his inauguration in:
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:Anything Washington had ever seen before,
a huge rowdy crowd of his supporters
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:descended on the White House, tracking
mud on the carpets, breaking furniture
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:in their celebration of their hero.
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:Andrew Jackson to the old Guard.
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:It was the quote, reign of King
mob to Jackson and his supporters.
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:Though it was the dawn
of a new Democratic age,
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:Jackson's presidency began
with a social scandal that had
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:major political consequences.
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:His Secretary of War, John Eaton
had married a woman named Peggy
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:O'Neill Timberlake, a woman of
humble origins, but had a reputation
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:for being a tad bit flirtatious.
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:The other cabinet wives led
by fluoride Calhoun, the wife
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:of then Vice President John C.
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:Calhoun.
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:Snubbed, Peggy Eaton refusing
to socialize with her.
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:This is what we call the petty code
affair, and it infuriated Andrew Jackson.
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:He saw this as a parallel between the
attacks on Peggy Eaton and the vicious
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:slanders against his own late wife Rachel.
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:During the 1828 campaign, he
defended Peggy declaring quote.
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:I had rather live vermin on my back
than the tongue of one of these
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:Washington women on my reputation.
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:End quote.
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:The scandal paralyzed
his official cabinet.
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:Jackson increasingly turned for
advice to an informal group of
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:friends and newspaper editors.
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:Not his traditional cabinet,
and this group of friends became
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:known as his kitchen cabinet.
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:The affair also drove a wedge between
Jackson and his Vice President John C.
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:Calhoun, and elevated the standing
of Secretary of State Martin Van
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:Buren, a widower himself who had
shrewdly sided with the Eatons
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:in the whole Pedic Code affair.
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:This personal drama would soon merge
with a much larger constitutional crisis.
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:So in 1828, a crisis erupted
over of all things tariffs.
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:Congress passed a high protective
terrorist that Southerners, who
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:relied on imported goods dubbed
the tariff of abominations.
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:They argued that it favored northern
manufacturing at the expense of the South.
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:In response, John C.
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:Calhoun, drawing on the precedent
of Virginia and Kentucky
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:resolutions that we talked about.
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:In a previous episode, anonymously
authored, uh, a paper called quote,
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:South Carolina Exposition and Protest.
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:In it, he laid out the doctrine of
nullification, the idea that a state
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:had a right to declare a federal law
unconstitutional and therefore null and
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:void within the borders of that state.
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:Quote, we then hold it unquestionable
that on the separation from the
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:Crown of Great Britain, the people
of the several colonies became
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:free and independent states.
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:We also hold it as equally questionable
that the Constitution of the United
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:States is a compact between the people
of the several states, and that the
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:government it created was formed.
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:And appointed to execute the powers
which the states had delegated to it.
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:Calhoun argued that the
tariff was just the pretext.
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:His real fear was that the power of a
federal government was going to expand and
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:then be dominated by a northern majority,
and that northern majority might one
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:day come after you guessed it, slavery.
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:He wrote that the tariff was, quote, a
vastly inferior importance to the great
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:question to which it has given rise.
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:The right of a state to interpose
in the last resort in order
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:to arrest an unconstitutional
act of the general government.
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:End quote.
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:The debate came to the head on the
floor of the US Senate in:
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:legendary exchange between Senator
Robert Hane of South Carolina and
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:Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts.
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:Hain defended nullification.
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:Webster responded with one of the most
famous speeches in American history,
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:A powerful defense of the union.
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:Quote, I have not allowed myself, sir, to
look beyond the union to see what might
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:lie hidden in the dark recess behind.
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:I have not cool weighed the
chances of preserving liberty
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:when the bonds that unite us.
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:Shall be broken while the union lasts.
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:We have high, exciting, gratifying
prospects spread out before us
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:and for us and our children.
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:Beyond that, I seek not
to penetrate the veil.
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:God Grant that in my day at least
that curtain may not rise when my
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:eyes shall be turned to be whole.
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:For the last time the sun in heaven,
may I not see him shining on the
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:broken and dishonored fragments of a
once glorious union that their last
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:feeble in lingering glance rather
behold, the gorgeous and sign of
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:the republic bearing for its motto.
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:That other sentiment dear to every true
American heart, liberty, and union now
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:and forever won an inseparable end quote.
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:In 1832, South Carolina passed
an ordinance of nullification
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:declaring the tell the tariffs of
:
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:threatened to secede from the union.
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:If the government tried to collect
the tariffs by force, Jackson
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:was furious to say the least.
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:His response.
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:Was Swift.
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:He issued a proclamation to
the people of South Carolina
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:denouncing the nullification and
as a quote, impractical absurdity.
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:And he said that it was a direct
threat to the union, quote.
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:I consider then the power to annu a law
of the United States assumed by one state.
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:Incompatible with the existence of
the union, contradicted expressly
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:by the letter of the constitution,
unauthorized by its spirit, inconsistent
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:with every principle on which it
was founded and destructive of the
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:great object for which it was formed.
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:To say that any state may at pleasure
secede from the union is to say that
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:the United States is not a nation.
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:Disunion by armed force is treason.
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:Are you really ready to incur its guilt?
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:End quote.
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:Jackson prepared to use military force,
but at the same time a compromised
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:tariff engineered by Henry Clay was
passed lowering the duties over time.
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:South Carolina backed down and the
overall the crisis was averted.
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:But the fundamental questions about
state's rights and the nature of the union
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:remained simmering just below the surface.
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:If the nullification crisis was a
battle over states' rights and in more
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:ways than won a battle over slavery.
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:The bank war was a battle over economic
power and the soul of American capitalism.
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:The second bank of the United States was
chartered in:
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:private corporation that acted as the
federal government's financial agent.
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:Its president, the brilliant but very
arrogant man named Nicholas Biddle,
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:wielded immense power over the nation's
economy to Jackson, the bank, and Biddle.
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:Were monsters.
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:He called them, quote, a hydra of
corruption and they concentrated
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:too much power in the hands of
the wealthy, the unelected elite,
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:and it favored northern merchants
over southern and western farmers.
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:When the bank came up to be Rechartered
in:
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:out it in a populous sort of cause.
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:It is to be regretted that the rich
and powerful too often bend the acts of
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:government to their selfish purposes.
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:Every monopoly and all excessive
privileges are granted at the
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:expense of the public, which ought
to receive a fair equivalent.
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:Many of our rich men have not been
content with equal protection and equal
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:benefits, but have be sought to us to
make them richer by act of Congress,
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:by attempting to gratify their desires.
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:We have in the results of our legislation.
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:A raid section against section.
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:Interest against interest in man, against
man in a fearful commotion that threatens
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:to shake the foundations of our union.
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:End quote, Jackson's Veto was
a political master stroke.
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:It framed the issue as a battle
between common people and the
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:corrupt moneyed interests.
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:The bank war became a central
issue of the:
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:Jackson again won in a landslide.
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:He saw his second victory as a
mandate to destroy the bank itself.
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:He ordered the removal of federal
deposits from the bank and placed
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:them in state chartered what he
called pet banks bid retaliated by
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:contracting credit, causing a brief
financial panic, but it was too late.
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:By this point, the bank was dead.
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:The bank war had profound
consequences for the future.
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:It led to the formation of a new
political party, the wigs who coalesced
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:around their opposition to King Andrew.
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:The wigs were led by Henry Clay and
they championed his American system of
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:a national bank protective tariffs, and
federally funded internal improvements.
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:More importantly.
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:The destruction of the bank also
contributed to the wild speculation
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:and financial instability.
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:That led to the devastating panic of 1837,
which crippled the economy For years,
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:for all the talk of the common
man, Jacksonian democracy
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:had sharp, brutal limits.
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:It was a democracy for white men only.
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:Nowhere was this clear that in Jackson's
policy towards Native Americans for
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:decades, the five civilized tribes of the
Southeast, these included the Cherokee,
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:Choctaw, Chickasaw Creek, and Seminole.
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:Had adopted many aspects
of American culture.
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:They created written languages, they
adopted constitutions and became
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:successful farmers and planters.
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:The Cherokee in particular had made
remarkable strides as their leader,
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:Elias Buddha described in 1826 quote.
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:The rise of these people in their
movement towards civilization,
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:maybe trace as far back as the first
settlement of the whites among them.
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:Game has since become so scarce
that little dependence for
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:subsistence can be placed upon it.
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:They have gradually, and I could
almost say universally forsaken
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:their ancient employment.
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:In fact, there is not a single family
in the nation that can be said to
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:subsist on the slender support,
which the wilderness could afford.
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:Despite the major successes of the
Cherokee people, there was no protection
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:against the relentless pressure of
land hungry white settlers, especially
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:when the state was against them.
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:Gold had been discovered on
Cherokee lands in Georgia.
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:The state of Georgia passed laws
stripping the Cherokee of their
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:rights and claimed their land.
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:The Cherokee fought back not
with weapons, but in the courts.
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:In fact, in two landmark cases, the
okee Nation versus Georgia in:
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:and Warchester versus Georgia in 1832,
the Supreme Court under Chief Justice
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:John Marshall sided with the Cherokee
ruling that they were a quote, distinct
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:political entity and that Georgia
laws had no force in their territory.
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:Jackson's response was open defiance.
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:He reportedly said, quote,
John Marshall has made his
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:decision now let him enforce it.
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:He refused to protect the Cherokee
and instead pushed through Congress
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:the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which
authorized the federal government
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:to forcibly remove the southeastern
tribes to territories west of the
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:Mississippi and is addressed to Congress.
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:Jackson framed this brutal policy
as an act of humanitarianism.
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:Quote, it will separate the Indians
from immediate contact with settlements
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:of whites, free them from the power
of the states, enable them to pursue
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:happiness in their own way and under
their own rude institutions, and
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:perhaps cause them gradually under
the protection of the government and
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:through the influence of good councils
to cast off their savage habits and
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:become an interesting, civilized
and Christian community End quote.
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:The Cherokee under their principle
chief John Ross continued to resist.
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:In an 1836 letter to Congress, Ross
pleaded for justice appealing to the very
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:principle the Americans claim to cherish,
but in this case had trampled on quote
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:by the stipulations of this instrument.
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:We are depoed of our private possessions.
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:We are stripped of every
attribute of freedom.
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:We are nationalized, we are
disenfranchised, we are deprived
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:of membership in the human.
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:Family.
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:Our hearts are sickened.
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:In truth, our cause is your own.
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:It is the cause of liberty and of justice.
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:It is based upon your own principles,
which we have learned from yourselves
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:for we have gloried the to court.
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:Your Washington and your
Jefferson, our great teachers end
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:quote, their pleas were ignored.
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:In 1838, the US Army
began the forced removal.
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:The journey became known
as the Trail of Tears.
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:It was a death march.
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:A private soldier named John G.
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:Burnett, who served as an interpreter.
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:Recalled the horror.
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:I saw the helpless Cherokees arrested
and dragged from their homes and driven
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:at the bayonet point into the stockades.
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:I saw them loaded like
cattle or sheep into 600.
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:And 45 wagons and started toward the west.
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:On the morning of November 17th,
we encountered a terrific sleet and
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:snowstorm with freezing temperatures.
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:And from that day until we reached
the end of the fateful journey on
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:March the 26th, 1839, the sufferings
of the Cherokees were awful.
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:The trail of the exiles
was a trail of death.
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:They had to sleep in the wagons and
on the ground without fire, and I have
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:known as many as 22 of them die in one
night of pneumonia due to ill treatment.
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:Cold and exposure.
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:End quote.
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:Of the 16,000 Cherokee who were forced
to march, over 4,000 died, the policy
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:of Indian removal stands as one of the
darkest chapters in American history.
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:It is a brutal testament to the
racial limits of Jacksonian democracy.
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:The backlash against King Andrew
and his policies led to the
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:formation of a new political party.
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:The Wigs.
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:The Wigs were a diverse coalition of
former National Republicans, anti Masons
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:and disaffected Democrats, all united
by their opposition to Jackson, led
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:by figures like Henry Clay and Daniel
Webster, the Wigs Champion Clay's
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:American system, a strong national bank.
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:Protective tariffs and federally
funded internal improvements.
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:They believed that an act of
government that would promote
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:economic growth and moral progress.
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:After Jackson's handpicked successor,
Martin Van Buren was blamed for
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:the devastating panic of 1837.
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:The wings saw their chance
in the election of:
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:They beat the Democrats at their own game.
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:They nominated William Henry Harrison,
the hero of the Battle of Tippy Canoe, and
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:they ran a brilliant populous campaign.
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:They portrayed Harrison, who was actually
a wealthy Virginia planter as a humble.
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:Cider sipping log cabin dwelling
frontiers, man, their slogan
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:was Tippy canoe and Tyler, too.
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:Tippy canoe being Harrison and Tyler being
his vice president, and it became one
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:of the most famous in American history.
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:The log cabin cider campaign, as we call
it, was a triumph of image over substance,
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:and Harrison won in a landslide, but
the wig victory was short-lived just
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:one month after his inauguration.
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:Harrison died of a pneumonia.
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:His vice President, John Tyler, a
former Democrat who had been put
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:on the ticket to attract southern
voters, ascended to the presidency.
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:Tyler himself was a staunch state's rights
advocate, and he promptly vetoed the wigs.
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:Entire legislative program, including
their bills to recharter a national bank.
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:This threw the wig party into disarray
and a deep sectional division that would
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:now eventually tear the nation apart.
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:Once again, came to the forefront.
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:So this age of Jackson was a
period of profound transformation,
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:but it was also very violent.
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:It was an era that saw the
expansion of political democracy
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:for white men, but it was also a.
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:Populist uprising against the perceived
power of the moneyed aristocracy, the
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:creation of a stable two party system
that we have to this day, but it was
398
:also an era of deep contradictions.
399
:The champion of the common man
was also a wealthy slave order
400
:who presided over the brutal
dispossession of Native American lands.
401
:The celebration of liberty for
some was built on the denial
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:once again of liberty for others.
403
:The political battles of this era
over the Amer, the Second American
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:bank, the tariff, the proper role of
the federal government were at their
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:core battles, again, over the very
meaning of the American Republic.
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:And as the nation pushed westward,
these conflicts would only intensify.
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:The market Revolution had created a
dynamic interconnected economy, but one
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:that was increasingly divided into the
free labor north and a slave labor south.
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:The next great chapter in
our story will be about the
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:collision of these two systems.
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:A collision fueled by a powerful
new ideology manifest destiny.
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:The next time we get together on
Star-Spangled Studies, we're gonna
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:explore the religious and the
reform movements that swept the
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:nation in this antebellum period.
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:Antebellum meaning between the wars, we'll
meet the abolitionists, the feminist, the
416
:utopian dreamers who sought to perfect
American society, even as the nation
417
:hurdled towards its greatest crisis.
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:I'm Dr.
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:G, and I'll see y'all in the past.
